From our magazine archive, Nick Fuller looks at what makes a cult film, and why we love them.
This article first appeared in Film Stories issue 37.
After a few beers it’s never difficult to coax a gathering of film fans to come up with a ‘wouldn’t it be great if…’ or ‘I’ll tell you what would make a great film’ proposal. The chances of bringing those brainwaves to life may well seem much greater if we’re talking cult films. After all...
...They’re amateurish and (sometimes) just plain bad
There’s no need to worry about structure, tight scripting or even coherence - films don’t need any of that stuff to be ‘so bad they’re good’. Valley Of The Dolls is often described as unintentionally funny, a frequently recurring term around this theme; Attack Of The Killer Tomatoes pretty much speaks for itself.
That’s far from a hard and fast rule, though. Nobody would question the quality of Stanley Kubrick’s Apocalypse Now or Dr Strangelove, yet both are often cited as examples. The same can be said of Michelangelo Antonioni’s Blow Up.

<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>From our magazine archive, Nick Fuller looks at what makes a cult film, and why we love them</strong>.</p>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><em>This article first appeared in Film Stories issue 37</em>.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">After a few beers it’s never difficult to coax a gathering of film fans to come up with a ‘wouldn’t it be great if…’ or ‘I’ll tell you what would make a great film’ proposal. The chances of bringing those brainwaves to life may well seem much greater if we’re talking cult films. After all&#8230;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-they-re-amateurish-and-sometimes-just-plain-bad">&#8230;They’re amateurish and (sometimes) just plain bad</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">There’s no need to worry about structure, tight scripting or even coherence &#8211; films don’t need any of that stuff to be ‘so bad they’re good’. <em>Valley Of The Dolls </em>is often described as unintentionally funny, a frequently recurring term around this theme; <em>Attack Of The Killer Tomatoes </em>pretty much speaks for itself.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">That’s far from a hard and fast rule, though. Nobody would question the quality of Stanley Kubrick’s <em>Apocalypse Now </em>or <em>Dr Strangelove</em>, yet both are often cited as examples. The same can be said of Michelangelo Antonioni’s <em>Blow Up</em>.</p>



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<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-they-re-cheap">&#8230;They&#8217;re cheap</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Ed Wood’s special effects budget for his <em>Plan 9 From Outer Space </em>didn’t run beyond a few Cadillac hub caps for flying saucers. Troma Entertainment has been involved in over 1000 films since its formation in 1974 and it’s fair to say that titles like <em>Class Of Nuke ’Em High </em>and <em>The Toxic Avenger </em>(in which a weakling falls into a vat of nuclear waste and is transformed into ‘a hideously deformed creature’) didn’t break the bank.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This lack of big money may well be one of the reasons that fans flock to these films in the first place – making them is a labour of love. David Lynch famously took a paper round to make money for <em>Eraserhead </em>after its funding was exhausted.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">But sometimes there is cash on the table. The Coens’ <em>The Big Lebowski </em>was a $15m production from Universal in 1998 and United Artists rather bafflingly invested no less than $45m three years earlier for Paul Verhoeven’s <em>Showgirls</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-they-re-tacky-and-outrageous">&#8230;They’re tacky and outrageous</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Transgressive is a posh word for tasteless and gross. It’s also one of the terms most often associated with cult films because casting aside moral and social norms of behaviour is often a required starting point. In creating “The World’s Filthiest Person Alive” in <em>Pink Flamingos</em>, John Waters (known by some as the Prince of Puke) may be the first name that springs to mind here, but even Peter Jackson played the game, telling a tale of diseased rats and lawnmower massacres in <em>Braindead</em> (aka <em>Dead Alive</em>).</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-they-re-for-outsiders">…They’re for outsiders</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Audiences aren&#8217;t likely to be looking for big budget epics and glamour &#8211; these are often small films focused on small lives. Kevin Smith&#8217;s <em>Clerks</em> and Hal Hartley&#8217;s <em>Trust</em> reflect slackers (a term apparently invented by Richard Linklater in his cult film of almost the same name), trying to make sense of &#8211; or simply resisting &#8211; &#8216;normal&#8217; everyday lives that, to them, seem both weird and alien.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">But then nobody would describe Capra&#8217;s <em>It&#8217;s A Wonderful Life</em> &#8211; nowadays pretty much the definitive family Christmas film &#8211; that way, yet it&#8217;s often cited as a cult film. Or what about that most iconic of broodingly charismatic loners, Norman Wisdom, whose films drew a cult following in communist Albania where they best represented what little Albanians could see of the West?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-they-re-usually-box-office-failures">&#8230;They&#8217;re usually box office failures</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The truth is that very many cult films were flops on release. True cult status movies almost have to be uncovered by fans, and sometimes they have to work pretty hard at it. Take <em>Nosferatu</em>, which was almost the prototype cult film, discovered and nurtured by fans after most copies were physically destroyed following Bram Stoker&#8217;s wife&#8217;s successful legal claim that it was an unauthorised version of <em>Dracula</em>. Similarly, Charles Laughton&#8217;s <em>The Night Of The Hunter </em>took decades to be properly recognised as a classic beyond its small, dedicated early following.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">At the box office, <em>Donnie Darko</em> was a resounding dud, <em>Rocky Horror</em> bombed, and <em>Heathers</em> (if you will) stifled. Sometimes the failure is down to the public not (yet) getting it, and other times it&#8217;s because the release itself was bungled. <em>Withnail and I</em> launched at a tiny number of screens so, despite decent reviews, very few had the chance to see it; <em>Idiocracy</em> launched with pretty much zero marketing and yet is nowadays recognised for ahead-of-its time satire;<em> Wet Hot American Summer w</em>as released in fewer than 30 US cities because it couldn’t find a distributor, and yet now it has spawned a Netflix series (helped no doubt by the stellar success of its cast in the ensuing years).</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-they-re-a-genre-free-for-all">…They’re a genre free−for−all</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Cult films are often the home for beyond out-there ideas – whatever their conventional genre. Although often most associated with sci-fi (such as <em>Forbidden Planet</em>) and horror (Sam Raimi’s <em>Evil Dead </em>trilogy is a front-runner here), there are in fact examples of pretty much every genre you could think of.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Best described by Roger Ebert as a “horror-rock-transvestite-camp-omnisexual-musical-parody” (sounds about right), <em>The Rocky Horror Picture Show </em>is – let’s remember – a musical. Then there are intentional comedies such as Mike Judge’s seminal <em>Office Space</em>; even non-fiction has a place best represented by <em>Reefer Madness</em>, a 1936 public information film on the evils of marijuana. Cult films also cross mediums, with animation like <em>Fritz The Cat </em>on the one hand to <em>Akira </em>very much on the other.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In other cases it’s almost necessary to create new genres. Russ Meyer (aka King Leer) is a case in point, or Roger Corman (‘The Orson Welles of Z Pictures’ according to the <em>LA Times </em>’s Kenneth Turan) whose range spanned music and sci-fi to gangsters and westerns.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-there-are-no-rules">&#8230;There are no rules</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">What all these rules – and their exceptions – illustrate is that it’s pretty hard to even define a cult film. Many thousands of words have been written trying to.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The consensus however is that, whilst they can adhere to all of the above ‘rules’, they may often merely tick some. How else might <em>The Shawshank Redemption </em>be regularly categorised next to <em>Glen Or Glenda</em>?</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The difficulty is summed up by a quick look at the Cult Film Top 10s of two of the best-known film sources – IMDb and <em>Time Out</em>. Not a single film appears in both. Perhaps it doesn’t matter, or at least it only matters to those who care about the label.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-they-re-for-geeky-obsessives">&#8230;They’re for geeky obsessives</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">If ever I hear someone proclaim that “we want the finest wines available to humanity, we want them here, and we want them now,” I know that I am within quoting distance of a <em>Withnail And</em> <em>I </em>clique which demands my hasty exit (from a fourth storey window if necessary.) On the other hand, the call of “good luck exploring the infinite abyss”’ will identify a <em>Garden State </em>meeting of minds, towards which I will sprint without delay. Each to their own, I guess.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">We may hesitate to identify ourselves as one of these fanatical archetypes because – let’s be honest – they can be annoyingly precious or self-satisfied. In his book <em>Cult Movies</em>, author Dan Peary says that “cultists believe they are among the blessed few who have discovered something in particular that the average moviegoer and critic have missed.”</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Whether you wear the term as a badge of honour or see it as an insult, the fact remains that we fans are the key to cult films’ very existence. <em>Time Out </em>’s Matthew Singer and Phil de Semlyen put it this way – “audience members become fans then disciples, spreading the word to others who embrace the film with equal fervour,” – a cult film is born.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cult-has-evolved">&#8230;Cult has evolved</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The term &#8216;cult film&#8217; appears to have originated from the 1970s, and was used to describe films shown as &#8216;midnight movies&#8217;, late night offbeat titles seen as part of the alternative &#8216;counter culture.&#8217; They attracted fans who loved the ritual of repeat viewings in communal groups that &#8216;got it&#8217; when others &#8211; especially in the mainstream &#8211; didn&#8217;t. Alejandro Jodorowsky&#8217;s <em>El Topois </em>generally seen as the first; its rogue gunfighter plot attracted regular New York audiences at a Lower Eighth Avenue cinema every night of the week for several months, fueled by word of mouth.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This limited starting point exploded when such apparently niche films graduated first to cable TV and then to home video and DVD. From the resulting wider audience, more films were granted cult status (although the way that they were found and celebrated was necessarily less communal). Chucking grains of rice around whilst watching <em>Rocky Horror </em>on your own in your living room isn&#8217;t quite the same.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">lndeed, some key names were likely discovered by cult films about cult films &#8211; Tim Burton&#8217;s <em>Ed Wood </em>may have been the intro to one of the first names here; certainly, James Franco&#8217;s <em>The Disaster </em><em>Artist </em>was likely the first sighting many of us had of Tommy Wiseau.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cult-can-be-a-handy-stepping-stone">&#8230;Cult can be a handy stepping stone</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">There are big names associated with cult films that went on to wider recognition. Jonathan Demme (from <em>Caged Heat </em>to <em>Melvin and Howard </em>to <em>Philadelphia </em>and <em>Silence Of The Lambs) </em>certainly made the transition, and though some might argue the same for David Lynch, he has never been exactly &#8216;mainstream&#8217; (<em>The Straight Story </em>anyone?). The same might be said of the Coen Brothers. Russ Meyer, George Romero, and Sam Raimi? &#8211; no dispute there.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">On the other side of the camera, Bud Cort deservedly made his name as the face of left-field quirkiness in both <em>Brewster McCloud </em>and <em>Harold </em>and <em>Maude </em>(as well as a brief but very fine appearance in <em>M*A*S*H)</em> &#8211; moments that forever define him there rather than beyond (whether he liked it or not).</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultivation">Cultivation</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">If it&#8217;s we fans &#8211; and particularly the obsessive ones &#8211; that make a cult film, does that mean that studios can&#8217;t design them that way? Iranian director Babak Anvari <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/culture/article/20200408-from-withnail-and-i-to-el-topo-what-makes-a-cult-film">told the BBC in 2020</a> that he didn&#8217;t think it possible.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">That hasn&#8217;t stopped them trying. Three notable examples: <em>Snakes On</em> <em>A Plane, </em>which New Line rather optimistically hyped before release as an instant cult classic; while it&#8217;s claimed that 20th Century Fox sabotaged the launch of <em>Idiocracy </em>in order to purposely make the film into a cult hit; and MGM apparently switched marketing focus for <em>Showgirls </em>to position it as a cult film after it had been savaged by the critics. Convinced? Me neither.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-thing-of-the-past">A thing of the past</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In a world of everything-you-want-whenever-and-wherever-you­ want-it streaming, it&#8217;s clear that the communal &#8216;appointment event&#8217; that drove midnight movies is no longer the driver for discovering cult films today. We&#8217;re also often served what the platforms think we want rather than left to find it by ourselves; as <em>Time Out&#8217;s </em>Matthew Singer and Philde Semlyen say, &#8220;algorithms are the enemy of the cult film.&#8221;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">On the other hand, the internet &#8211; and particularly social media &#8211; magnifies the breadth of connections possible so we can share and evangelise far beyond our own friends (there&#8217;s a subreddit for pretty much everything these days). Maybe this, alongside the fact that more and more films are being shown beyond the traditional big screens, means that we&#8217;ll actually be open to discovering more.</p>

