What happened to the ear-worm film scores that pervaded popular culture in the'70s, 80s and '90s? Daniel Hallett looks into where modern scores are going wrong.
Chrissy's ill-fated skinny-dip in Jaws, the Star Wars opening crawl, Marty McFly finally making it back to the future, Alan Grant and Ellie Sattler first laying eyes on a dinosaur. All iconic moments in cinema, all with at least one thing in common: truly memorable music. Are today's iconic cinema moments accompanied by equally iconic music, though?
Now, before you start (rightly) chucking Michael Giacchinos and Hildur Guðnadóttirs at me, there is still plenty of fabulous music being produced for films: but where are the instantly recognisable tunes? Where are the big themes that really stick in the public consciousness - like a Star Wars, an Indiana Jones, a Jaws? And yep, I'm very aware of the common factor in those examples.
Are modern composers just afraid of a big, friendly ear-worm? It seems to me that, as glorious as much of today's film music is, there's a seriousness to it, with the epic and dramatic being favoured over the tuneful and melodic. This is perhaps driven by the relative lack of variety in blockbuster cinema now that franchise behemoths like Harry Potter, Star Wars and Pirates Of The Caribbean are either dead or dormant and the superhero movie holds sway. Hollywood's 'bigger is better' approach to blockbuster movies demands equally as rambunctious music, and so it perhaps stands to reason that this lack of visual variety is going to be reflected in a lack of sonic variety.
My other half says of modern film music that ”it’s often more sound than music,” and she might have a point, as I can regularly get to the end of a film and find I’ve barely even noticed the score. I am of course doing a great many hugely talented people a horrible disservice, and it’s not my intention to knock modern film music. Like I say, there’s a lot of great stuff in these films, but in the blockbuster realm particularly do many really stand out?
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<p><strong>What happened to the ear-worm film scores that pervaded popular culture in the&#8217;70s, 80s and &#8217;90s?</strong> <strong>Daniel Hallett looks into where modern scores are going wrong.</strong></p>



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<p>Chrissy&#8217;s ill-fated skinny-dip in <em>Jaws, </em>the <em>Star Wars </em>opening crawl, Marty McFly finally making it back to the future, Alan Grant and Ellie Sattler first laying eyes on a dinosaur. All iconic moments in cinema, all with at least one thing in common: truly memorable music. Are today&#8217;s iconic cinema moments accompanied by equally iconic music, though?</p>



<p>Now, before you start (rightly) chucking Michael Giacchinos and Hildur Guðnadóttirs at me, there is still plenty of fabulous music being produced for films: but where are the instantly recognisable tunes? Where are the big themes that really stick in the public consciousness &#8211; like a <em>Star Wars, </em>an <em>Indiana Jones,</em> a <em>Jaws</em>? And yep, I&#8217;m very aware of the common factor in those examples.</p>



<p>Are modern composers just afraid of a big, friendly ear-worm? It seems to me that, as glorious as much of today&#8217;s film music is, there&#8217;s a seriousness to it, with the epic and dramatic being favoured over the tuneful and melodic. This is perhaps driven by the relative lack of variety in blockbuster cinema now that franchise behemoths like <em>Harry Potter, Star Wars</em> and <em>Pirates Of The Caribbean </em>are either dead or dormant and the superhero movie holds sway. Hollywood&#8217;s &#8216;bigger is better&#8217; approach to blockbuster movies demands equally as rambunctious music, and so it perhaps stands to reason that this lack of visual variety is going to be reflected in a lack of sonic variety.</p>



<p>My other half says of modern film music that ”it’s often more sound than music,” and she might have a point, as I can regularly get to the end of a film and find I’ve barely even noticed the score. I am of course doing a great many hugely talented people a horrible disservice, and it’s not my intention to knock modern film music. Like I say, there’s a lot of great stuff in these films, but in the blockbuster realm particularly do many really stand out?</p>



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<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happened-to-the-tunes">What happened to the tunes?</h2>



<p>Thinking about the average person, there’s a very good chance they will recognise the themes I’ve already mentioned, but what are the tunes of recent years that have made it further than the Spotify playlists of hardened cinephiles or reached beyond the bubble of #FilmTwitter? When was the</p>



<p>last time we had a big movie accompanied by an infectious score or piece of music that really connected with people? Michael Giacchino’s Marvel fanfare and Alan Silvestri’s <em>Avengers </em>theme are two that spring to mind, but prior to those we would probably need to look back nearly a couple of decades to the likes of Klaus Badelt’s <em>Pirates Of The Caribbean</em>, John Williams’s <em>Harry Potter </em>scores, or Howard Shore’s work on <em>The Lord Of The Rings </em>trilogy.</p>



<p>I confess I am a man of a certain vintage, with all of the arrested development and desperate clinging to the past that entails, but the film music of the ’80s and ’90s still brings me great joy. The 1980s in particular had scores with catchy hooks and melodies and most had at least one instantly recognisable tune, whether it’s Alan Silvestri’s anthemic <em>Back To The Future</em> theme, the perfect mania of Jerry Goldsmith’s <em>The Gremlin Rag</em>, or <em>Rock Shop </em>from the <em>RoboCop </em>soundtrack; even <em>Police Academy </em>had a banger of a theme. To me, the music back then enhanced the on-screen action and actively contributed to the movie experience in a way I just don’t see (or hear) as much today.</p>



<p>Honestly, pick a big ’80s or ’90s film and you’ll find some absolute gold on the soundtrack. It wasn’t exclusive to blockbusters or family-friendly fare either. Horror films got in on the act as well; check out the wonderfully nightmarish (sorry) theme from <em>A Nightmare On Elm St</em>reet, or Christopher Young’s portentous <em>Hellraiser</em>, or Philip Glass’s beautiful and evocative piano-led <em>Candyman </em>score.</p>



<p>Think too about the deceptively simplistic but wonderfully effective synth-stylings of John Carpenter, his <em>Halloween </em>theme being an absolute all-timer. It does make me wonder if a young person now would have a similar emotional reaction and hit of nostalgia in 20 or 30 years’ time on hearing music from any of today’s big films. Would the music from <em>Ant-Man And The Wasp </em>give the sort of nostalgic thrill I get from hearing James Horner’s joyous <em>Willow </em>theme, for example?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-times">Changing times</h2>



<p>It’s probably unfair to set the blame for the disappearance of catchy tunes squarely at the feet of superhero movies, but let’s be honest, there are rather a lot of them and many of the scores are stylistically very similar, dare I say occasionally a bit characterless. It’s not like these films don’t have well-established big-name composers attached to them either.</p>



<p>But does it have to be this way? It certainly wasn’t always the case, even for comic-book movies; remember John Williams’s magnificent <em>Superman </em><em>March</em>? A real fist-in-the-air anthem if ever there was one. Or the delicious gothic thrills of Danny Elfman’s themes for the Tim Burton <em>Batman </em>films which proved you could have an epic and dramatic score without skimping on the catchy melodies.</p>



<p>Compare Elfman’s or even Eliott Goldenthal’s Bat music with that of Hans Zimmer or Michael Giacchino and you’ll see a stark contrast in styles. Obviously the grandiose and gothic or even high- camp sounds from those earlier films wouldn’t necessarily lend themselves to the more serious intentions of Christopher Nolan, Zack Snyder or Matt Reeves, but wouldn’t it be nice to have some soaring melodies again? Just imagine what a John Williams score for a modern Marvel or DC film might sound like?</p>



<p>I appreciate the sort of themes prevalent in the ’80s and ’90s might not work as well in today’s climate, maybe even seem a bit cheesy after so many years of comparatively serious music. But then I look at one of this year’s biggest movies, <em>Top Gun: Maverick</em>, a legacy sequel to an ’80s classic with a score that repurposes and reworks music from the first film.</p>



<p>The music in <em>Maverick </em>is attributed to Harold Faltermeyer, Lady Gaga and Hans Zimmer, a fun credit to be fair, but I’d be willing to bet on it being Faltermeyer’s original 1986 <em>Top Gun </em>anthem that’s still in your head after the credits have rolled.</p>



<p>The same could be said of the <em>Jurassic World </em>films which did something similar, with Michael Giacchino retooling those classic John Williams themes and motifs, admittedly to great effect, but as majestic as Giacchino’s contributions are, it’s surely those Williams melodies that stay with you when you’re tune humming later on.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-does-music-matter">Does music matter?</h2>



<p>If the modern blockbuster aims to distract us with increasingly spectacular visuals, do we actually care if they aren’t supported by infectious melodies? Do most people even notice? Maybe attitudes towards film music have just changed both from the creator’s and the listener’s points of view. Whilst I might genuinely believe there’s a surfeit of truly memorable music on offer, and I must stress this is not a commentary on the quality of modern film music, it does beg the question whether it even matters? Maybe it doesn’t when you consider that films like <em>Doctor Strange In The Multiverse Of Madness </em>can make north of $900 million at the worldwide box office, but won’t necessarily have you recalling Danny Elfman’s score on your way home.</p>



<p>What about needle-drops? Do these take up some of the slack if your composer isn’t busting out the tunes? Sprinkling a soundtrack with carefully curated bangers isn’t new, of course, but it has been deployed several times in the Marvel Universe in particular. James Gunn’s <em>Guardians Of The Galaxy </em>has a whole conceit based around that ’80s staple – the cassette mixtape. <em>Captain Marvel </em>is peppered with ’90s classics and, more recently, <em>Thor: Love And Thunder </em>expertly deployed multiple Guns N’ Roses hits. Even the first two <em>Iron Man </em>films are arguably more recognised for their use of AC/DC than anything else on their soundtracks. Ironically, the lead track (<em>Mama’s Got A Brand New Hammer</em>) from Michael Giacchino’s <em>Thor: Love And Thunder </em>score builds into something very reminiscent of those uplifting ’80s scores I so fondly remember, which maybe suggests there is still a place for this kind of thing in today’s blockbusters.</p>



<p>I’m pretty sure you’ll forgive my name-dropping of a certain Mr Williams, such is his importance to modern cinema and the lasting impact he’s had over the last five decades. When it comes to the ability to create music that reaches beyond those of us who live and breathe movies and into the consciousness of everyday folk, he is surely the gold standard. As I’m sure messrs Spielberg and Lucas will attest, the success of certain films is inextricably linked to Williams’s contributions, and although the oft- mentioned Michael Giacchino is for many people (myself included) the heir apparent, there will only ever be one John Williams.</p>



<p>So am I right? Are we really bereft of catchy music in our motion pictures? For me, the answer remains yes, but I’ll be the first to admit that maybe my perspective as a 40-year-old man skews heavily towards nostalgia, and I imagine many people reading this will be vociferously shouting and screaming ‘whatabouts’ at me. Coincidentally, as I was writing this piece I was invited to a music quiz and there was, as you might expect, a movies round. I’m sure you know the drill – ten soundtrack excerpts are played and you just guess the film. The answers, and probably more so the ones people answered correctly, were quite telling – <em>The Godfather</em>, <em>Star Wars</em>, <em>Jurassic Park</em>, <em>Jaws</em>, <em>Requiem For A Dream</em>, <em>The Avengers</em>, <em>Indiana Jones</em>, <em>The Batman</em>, and <em>Inception </em>all came up – and you can probably guess which ones folks didn’t get right. I’m not suggesting this is concrete evidence by any means, but it does add some weight to the argument that they just don’t make ’em like they used to any more.</p>



<p>I really don’t want anyone to think this is an attack on today’s film music; you don’t need me to tell you there’s still great stuff being created, and a quick look at the Spotify stats for modern film composers certainly suggests there’s a massive audience out there for film music. It’s hard to argue with 157 million listens of <em>Time </em>from Hans Zimmer’s <em>Inception </em>score, for example. However, I do believe that a big unashamedly tuneful score can go a long way to increasing the longevity of a film, and when you consider the ever-increasing barrage of ‘content’ we get from streaming platforms where mega-budget films can come and go without making any hint of a lasting impression, perhaps it really is time to bring back those ear-worms.</p>
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