Film piracy has been ever-present in the industry for decades now – but how big is the problem really? Nick Fuller takes a look…
This article first appeared in Film Stories issue 35 in August 2022.
Back in the 1980s, when the advent of the video cassette exploded our choices for viewing films at home, it didn’t take long for people to demand not just older titles but also the blockbusters of the day. A bloke down the pub could get you the latest and greatest even when titles were barely yet in the cinema – as long as you didn’t mind disappearing sound, a wobbly picture, and the fact that the police might be interested in where you got it from.
Its Only Fools & Horses-esque origins – camcorders secreted under coats at cinemas – made piracy a bit of a laugh for many. But according to the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS), the UK film and TV industries contributed almost £21bn to the economy in 2018; the BFI says that the UK’s creative industries (from film and TV to music and software) supports over 2.8 million jobs and around £18bn in exports. According to both, piracy is a threat to all that investment.
One of the big reasons that this threat has increased over recent years is the growth of digital technology. The idea of having to buy something physical (like a video cassette or DVD) is quaint now – streaming via sites, apps, sticks, mobiles, or set-top boxes means far less visibility of sources and lower costs in distribution. This goes both for pirates’ own dodgy copies and hijacking other people’s legitimate work. Nowadays, the leap from the legal (e.g., Amazon Fire or Chromecast) to illegal (e.g., versions with pre-installed add-ons to enable unauthorised premium material access) is small. Tech also helps pirates cover their tracks; virtual private networks (VPNs) provide the sort of security protection that can help them – and consumers – evade detection.
Some things, though, haven’t changed. Most pirate copies still originate from clandestine cinema recording, although these days concealment is a lot easier given the dimensions of a mobile device or compact digital camera. That is one reason that the Film Content Protection Agency (FCPA) was formed in 2016 and has since focused on preventing pirated material from originating in cinemas.
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<p><strong>Film piracy has been ever-present in the industry for decades now – but how big is the problem really? Nick Fuller takes a look…</strong></p>



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<p><em>This article first appeared in Film Stories issue 35 in August 2022.</em></p>



<p>Back in the 1980s, when the advent of the video cassette exploded our choices for viewing films at home, it didn’t take long for people to demand not just older titles but also the blockbusters of the day. A bloke down the pub could get you the latest and greatest even when titles were barely yet in the cinema – as long as you didn’t mind disappearing sound, a wobbly picture, and the fact that the police might be interested in where you got it from.</p>



<p>Its <em>Only Fools &amp; Horses</em>-esque origins – camcorders secreted under coats at cinemas – made piracy a bit of a laugh for many. But according to the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS), the UK film and TV industries contributed almost £21bn to the economy in 2018; the BFI says that the UK’s creative industries (from film and TV to music and software) supports over 2.8 million jobs and around £18bn in exports. According to both, piracy is a threat to all that investment.</p>



<p>One of the big reasons that this threat has increased over recent years is the growth of digital technology. The idea of having to buy something physical (like a video cassette or DVD) is quaint now – streaming via sites, apps, sticks, mobiles, or set-top boxes means far less visibility of sources and lower costs in distribution. This goes both for pirates’ own dodgy copies and hijacking other people’s legitimate work. Nowadays, the leap from the legal (e.g., Amazon Fire or Chromecast) to illegal (e.g., versions with pre-installed add-ons to enable unauthorised premium material access) is small. Tech also helps pirates cover their tracks; virtual private networks (VPNs) provide the sort of security protection that can help them – and consumers – evade detection.</p>



<p>Some things, though, haven’t changed. Most pirate copies still originate from clandestine cinema recording, although these days concealment is a lot easier given the dimensions of a mobile device or compact digital camera. That is one reason that the Film Content Protection Agency (FCPA) was formed in 2016 and has since focused on preventing pirated material from originating in cinemas.</p>



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<p>Indeed, nowadays cinema staff may feel more like detectives than ice cream sellers, focused as they are on checking for suspicious behaviour such as seat hopping (possibly to look for the best recording positions), early arrival (to set up recording equipment), and seat location (potentially to find empty seats to which recording devices can be clamped). Even if this successfully identifies someone making a recording, UK law requires ‘proof of commercial activity’ (i.e. that the person intends to make money from it) to prosecute – and that’s tough.</p>



<p>Profiting from the material isn’t always the point anyway – sometimes internet release groups make available pirated content online merely for the status of being first. More often than not though, money is at the heart of the problem.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clickbait">Clickbait</h2>



<p>Sometimes this is indirect – where we’re offered free access to a film. The criminals may be making money from advertisers on their site (the online ad process is so opaque that perfectly legitimate brands will find themselves advertising on some very illegitimate sites) or using it to attack us. According to Crimestoppers and the ONS, last year over 4.8m illegal streamers experienced a virus, fraud, or personal data theft as a result of these indirect freebies (or the malware-based ads that appear there). The deal probably looked too good to be true &#8211; and turned out to be just that.</p>



<p>Sometimes it’s direct, where we pay much lower prices than the official sources or pay a fee to see something before it’s officially available. Beyond the fact that this is illegal (however much we may try to kid ourselves otherwise), the risks to us here may seem less clear than those to the industry. The glitz and excess of Hollywood hardly tugs at the heart strings, so we may take the view that the glitterati will live with a few less millions in their bank accounts. However in a business where – beyond the blockbusters – profit is hard to come by, it takes very little to dissuade companies from making films at all. If they walk away, that means less choice for us, and a far more precarious living for the legion of less glamorous and lucrative workers (from set builders to sound engineers) behind the camera.</p>



<p class="has-text-align-center"><strong>Read more: <a href="https://filmstories.co.uk/news/you-wouldnt-steal-a-car-ads-may-have-used-pirated-font/">&#8216;You wouldn&#8217;t steal a car&#8217; ads may have used pirated font</a></strong></p>



<p>This is the primary argument of the Federation Against Copyright Theft  (FACT), the name with which many of us will be most familiar in countering piracy. Since 1983, it’s been in the front line of protecting the film and TV industries and their output: nowadays its six-point mission includes protection, prevention, and disruption, making clear that it’s about much more than just catching the pirates after the fact.</p>



<p>FACT is also an international organisation, and works alongside partners including Trading Standards, selected police forces, Sky, Crimestoppers, and the Intellectual Property Office. Whilst focused on the pirates themselves, FACT recently successfully prosecuted an illegal streamer who the judge sentenced not only for selling illegal content, but also watching it. This underlines the fact that consumers are not immune from risk.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-links">Links</h2>



<p>One of the reasons for increasing the numbers of initiatives by law enforcement and the entertainment world is that piracy is no cottage industry. Much is underwritten by serious organised crime. In 2019 a European study concluded that these organised crime groups are often also linked to drug dealing and loan sharking. The threats to ourselves as viewers or to the industry are far from the only – or the most serious – consequences.</p>



<p>Criminals are in the game, though, because it’s lucrative. Like music, the move to digital delivery has led some of us to believe that noughts and ones have no value, that the creativity behind the art and entertainment that we love somehow comes for free. Or maybe we see the truth but think that we can’t afford to care – the EU Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) reports that piracy thrives most in areas with low income and high levels of inequality.</p>



<p>Whatever the reason, plenty of us are doing it. According to last year’s Intellectual Property Office research, 27% of UK citizens used an illegal source to watch films in 2019. Even if a lack of cash points some of us towards the pirates, we know the risks. Research by FACT last year revealed that 47% of consumers would share their email address to access illicit streams even though almost a third who had done so had been hacked or exposed to fraud as a result.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-downfall">Downfall</h2>



<p>The industry and law enforcement (sometimes alone but increasingly together) are busy countering this. Film pirated content in the UK was down over 50% year on year in 2020 according to the EUIPO, and several of the key bodies involved report successful prosecutions. The FCPA seized counterfeit discs worth over £20m; FACT and Trading Standards have successfully prosecuted people for illegal streaming and for building soft ware to grant illegal access to Netflix and other streaming services.</p>



<p>The battle, however, is far from won. It’s tough because the pirates’ business models have become more sophisticated. In fact, they sometimes look like legitimate software businesses. Anyone can set themselves up as a streamer by buying packages to host, sell (via one-off payments and subscriptions), deliver, and communicate with customers. All this comes with none of those pesky overheads involved in actually buying or making the films. </p>



<p>Users of these ‘services’ may have no idea who the ultimate sellers are and the servers used to deliver them are often beyond UK authority. Law enforcement increasingly follows the money because the pirates often use legitimate payment processors (such as PayPal and the banks), sometimes mixing money derived from straight businesses with cash from criminal ones to muddy the waters on the legality of income going through them.</p>



<p>In the end, whatever the police and industry bodies do to counter piracy, it’s we film fans who impact it most. It’s our money and attention the pirates are after. The purpose of valuing ‘Intellectual Property’ is to protect the people who make films so that they can make a living from their creativity – and we can enjoy it. If we turn our back on them, we put them at risk – but we do the same to ourselves too potentially. It might be tempting to quickly stream the new <em><a href="https://filmstories.co.uk/tag/fast-and-furious/">Fast &amp; Furious</a> </em>film for free. It might just come with a sting in its tale…</p>
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