Bethany Black examines the history of queer coding and queer cinema, and wonders what’s changed…
A boo went up around the cavernous Riverside Cinema in Hammersmith that evening in 1999. The whole audience had braced itself and been let down. That energy had to go somewhere, so it came out as a collective jeer. We'd just watched the lion's share of John Waters's seminal (in all senses) movie Pink Flamingos - under the rules of the local council the cinema wasn't allowed to show the final scene where, in a single unedited shot, we see a dog take a poo and the star of the film, the drag queen Divine, eat it and smile at the camera. "An exercise in bad taste" so the tagline went, and Waters wasn't kidding.
I was a Film Studies undergraduate who had moved to London and was enjoying the freedom that the capital brought, being openly queer. Watching this wonderfully, outrageously, unapologetically queer piece of shock cinema with an audience who appreciated it remains one of my favourite memories of going to the pictures. It took a bunch of classic Hollywood tropes and turned them on their head. I didn’t realise it at the time because the term had only really just been coined, but without the 50 years of queer coding that preceded it, this film couldn’t have been made.
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<p><strong>Bethany Black examines the history of queer coding and queer cinema, and wonders what’s changed…</strong></p>



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<p>A boo went up around the cavernous Riverside Cinema in Hammersmith that evening in 1999. The whole audience had braced itself and been let down. That energy had to go somewhere, so it came out as a collective jeer. We&#8217;d just watched the lion&#8217;s share of John Waters&#8217;s seminal (in all senses) movie <em>Pink Flamingos</em> &#8211; under the rules of the local council the cinema wasn&#8217;t allowed to show the final scene where, in a single unedited shot, we see a dog take a poo and the star of the film, the drag queen Divine, eat it and smile at the camera. &#8220;An exercise in bad taste&#8221; so the tagline went, and Waters wasn&#8217;t kidding.</p>



<p>I was a Film Studies undergraduate who had moved to London and was enjoying the freedom that the capital brought, being openly queer. Watching this wonderfully, outrageously, unapologetically queer piece of shock cinema with an audience who appreciated it remains one of my favourite memories of going to the pictures. It took a bunch of classic Hollywood tropes and turned them on their head. I didn’t realise it at the time because the term had only really just been coined, but without the 50 years of queer coding that preceded it, this film couldn’t have been made.</p>



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<p>To get to what queer coding is, we have to go back to 1920s Hollywood and the events that led to the introduction of the Hays Code in 1934. 1920s Hollywood was a place of excess and scandal. Take for example Rudolph Valentino’s girlfriend Pola Negri hosting a photo op at the dead actor’s funeral by throwing herself onto the coffin, or Roscoe ‘Fatty’ Arbuckle’s manslaughter charge. There were also persistent rumours of an affair between Marlene Dietrich and Greta Garbo, one which historian Diana McLellan found evidence for from 1925’s <em>The Joyless Street</em>.</p>



<p>It was the usual ‘Hollyweird’ stuff, and the various US states started putting censorship laws on their statutes. Faced with potentially 50 conflicting laws about what could and couldn’t be shown in various states, the studios chose to self-regulate, calling for the help of Presbyterian elder Will Hays.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coded">Coded</h2>



<p>The resultant Hays Code brought in a lot of rules separated into 11 ‘don’ts’ and 25 ‘be carefuls’ which included things like ‘any inference of sex perversion’ and ‘ridicule of the clergy’ in the don’ts column, and ‘sympathy for criminals’ and ‘men and women in bed together’ in the ‘be carefuls’. The latter led to the almost snooker-like rules that you could get round so long as both parties had one foot on the floor. But with homosexuality illegal in many states in the US, it meant overt LGBTQ+ representation disappeared from the screen under both the ‘images of sex perversion’ and ‘sympathy for criminals’ rules.</p>



<p>As a result, the representation didn’t go away, it just changed. This was often with negative connotations, frequently through the use of stock characters, primarily and most identifiably ‘The Sissy’. In Vito Russo’s book <em>The Celluloid Closet</em>, he describes the sissy as “Hollywood’s first gay stock character. The sissy made everyone feel more manly or more womanly by occupying the space in between. He didn’t seem to have a sexuality, so Hollywood allowed him to thrive.”</p>



<p>The extremely effeminate man often sported lipstick and rouge designed to get a quick laugh. The next way to get gays into your film was to portray us as cold-blooded killers. No one took advantage of this idea more than Alfred Hitchcock, whose films are littered with LGBTQ+ murderers. They range from Robert Walker’s turn as charming psychopath Bruno Antony who assumes Farley Granger’s tennis pro Guy Haines wants to swap murders, to Anthony Perkins as the cross-dressing Norman Bates, to Judith Anderson’s stern housekeeper Mrs Danvers. If I learned one thing from studying the movies of Alfred Hitchcock, it was ‘never trust a homosexual’.</p>



<p>Some of these ideas got picked up and reused often enough that they became tropes, there for people to pick up on consciously and unconsciously. The gay villain became one of these: men who were fussy, such as Peter Lorre’s Joel Cairo in The Maltese Falcon, introduced with a perfumed business card which Bogart makes fun of. Even as he walks in, there is a flourish in the score, and he seems to have an odd relationship with his walking cane.</p>



<p>The character is very much coded as both evil and gay in an almost chicken and egg battle for which caused which. The female gay villain is likewise masculine and not interested in men or overtly sexual, and therefore potentially bisexual and corrupting of good young pure white women – just like the aforementioned Mrs Danvers in <em>Rebecca</em> in the first instance and Barbara Stanwyck in <em>Double Indemnity</em> in the second.</p>



<p>More often than not, queer characters – even when portrayed in a positive light – had to die in order to bring home the point that the filmmakers were not endorsing this ‘alternative lifestyle’. The trope of ‘bury your gays’ was born. This is something that survives to this day, though I think the shortest time between a character revealing that they’re gay and then dying is in <em>Scream 4</em>. In that one, the character Robbie Mercer says “I’m gay, if it helps?” just as he gets stabbed to death.</p>



<p>Nowhere was this queer coding of villains more obvious than in Disney productions, where nearly all the foes – from Captain Hook to Jafar – are coded as gay in the traditional Hollywood mould. Some have effeminate mannerisms, some get scared easily, some are just obsessed with their looks. </p>



<p>The tools that Hollywood used to code LGBTQ+ people in live action movies get exaggerated in animation. The name of Scar from <em>The Lion King</em> gets brought up a lot in discussions of queer coding, but interestingly the look and mannerisms of Scar were based, according to Andreas Deja the animator, on Jeremy Irons and his performance as Claus Von Bülow in <em>Reversal Of Fortune</em>. Not gay, per se, just English and posh.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seen">Seen</h2>



<p>Back in <em>The Celluloid Closet</em>, Vito Russo writes that films teach us how to see ourselves. Constantly having these coded representations of ourselves as villains and outsiders takes its toll. I remember as a ten-year-old closeted trans kid in rural Lancashire seeing <em>The Rocky Horror Picture Show</em> for the first time and becoming obsessed. It was the only representation of me I saw for decades. It was a bad representation, with the camp narcissistic villain played to perfection by Tim Curry, who tries to lure protagonists Brad and Janet off the straight and narrow path and into corruption. But when you have nothing, bad representation is better than no representation at all.</p>



<p>As such, seeing Maleficent in <em>Sleeping Beauty</em> – strong, aloof, and unapologetically herself – was the rebellious role model that I needed at the time. And then of course there’s Ursula the Sea Witch from <em>The Little Mermaid</em>. Whilst originally the character was supposed to be based on Joan Collins in <em>The Bitch</em>, the design that really caught the playwright and lyricist Howard Ashman&#8217;s – the man who was pivotal in bringing The Little Mermaid to the screen – attention was based on the drag queen Divine.</p>



<p>Which takes me back to that rainy night in November 1999 watching <em>Pink Flamingos</em>. I remember thinking ‘oh, she looks like Ursula’ when Divine first came on. If you’ve not seen the movie, the plot revolves around Divine being ‘the filthiest person alive’, essentially accepting and internalising 50 years of Hollywood queercoding.</p>



<p>In a series of increasingly horrifying scenes, Divine (who is in hiding using the name Babs Johnson) and her family attempt to prove they deserve the title when they come to the attention of Raymond and Connie Marbles, a couple who want it for themselves. The thing is, the Marbles’ plan of kidnapping young women, getting them pregnant and selling the babies to finance their business selling heroin to inner-city elementary school children is far worse than anything Divine and co can come up with. Even the three-minute close-up of ‘the singing ass-hole’ – a man who can contort his butt-hole and does so to the song <em>Surfin’ Bird</em> by The Trashmen – doesn’t come close.</p>



<p>The AIDS crisis of the 1980s and 1990s forced a great number of people out of the closet. It was treated as unimportant because it was gay men and trans women who were dying in the greatest numbers, and the prevailing attitude was that we deserved it. The media we’d grown up in played its part, but this was a breaking point that required LGBTQ+ people and our allies to stand up. To let people know that they knew an LGBTQ+ person, to show we weren’t these stereotypes that you saw in the movies. That we were real people with loves and hopes and dreams and aspirations.</p>



<p>Things started to change, and as a new millennium rolled round, across Europe and the USA there was a greater acceptance of LGBTQ+ people. The movie clichés started to change too, slowly. Whilst some of the queer coding persisted, the stock ‘sissy’ character was finally allowed to have a sexuality and was able to come out as gay rather than just make references to it. You still had gay villains, but more often than not they were villains who were gay, rather than villainous because they were gay.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ahead">Ahead</h2>



<p>The old prejudices are still out there, of course. People feel less able to voice them, but they still hold them. Studios know this, and so queer coding has evolved into &#8216;queer baiting&#8217;. They know there’s a big queer audience out there just looking for representation, who will read a character as gay if they can. A prime example being Luke Skywalker in the <em>Star Wars</em> films. Mark Hamill who played the role, almost quoting Roland Barthes’s <em>Death Of The Author</em>, even said in an interview “if you think Luke’s gay then of course he’s gay” because art is a collaboration between its creator and its audience. You experience it with the full back story of your life guiding your interpretation.</p>



<p>Studios, though, find themselves caught in a bind: they want that lovely queer audience’s cash, but they also want that lovely homophobe money, so what to do? Simple: leak stories and tell your audience that a character is gay and that you’re going to definitely reveal that in the movie! Whether that’s that Elsa in <em>Frozen 2</em> was going to get a girlfriend (spoiler: she didn’t, but she did get pants) or that there was definitely going to be an openly gay LaFou in the live action <em>Beauty And The Beast</em> (spoiler: there wasn’t, he just danced with a guy for two seconds), there are always ways to tease enough to bring in one group without alienating the other.</p>



<p>The more things change the more they stay the same, then. That said, it’ll be interesting to see how queer coding and baiting evolves in the future. And I can’t help but hope we’ve not seen the last of John Waters’s trash aesthetic.</p>
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